action or thought — a cognitive structure through which the individual makes sense of experience. **Assimilation** is the process by which new experience is interpreted through existing sc... **Accommodation** is the complementary process by which the schema itself is modified when existing struc... an active, constructive, self-directed process in which the child is the principal agent of her own intel
the Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies in 1960, which Bruner co-established with psychologist George Mi... ts in twentieth-century psychology — the point at which the systematic study of mind, meaning, and mental... e rather than passively recording it. The Center, which brought together psychologists, linguists, philos... — above all language and mathematical notation — which are powerful precisely because they are not tied
ce Education. The theory's foundational insight — which Moore has described as the backbone of his work —... interrelated variables: structure (the extent to which a programme can accommodate each learner's indivi... f the other), and learner autonomy (the extent to which the learner rather than the teacher determines th... from his earliest account of DE theory (1972), in which he argued that learning is not the consequence of
poor from above, but as a democratic community in which educated residents and working-class neighbours l... ms called the Labour Museum — a living exhibit in which elderly immigrant women demonstrated the textile ... "third space" — neither school nor workplace — in which social solidarity, civic capacity, and individual... , and the best educational settings were those in which roles of teacher and student were fluid and mutua
standard psychometric assessment of intelligence, which he regarded as measuring only what a child has al... itched at the child's current independent level — which merely reinforces what is already known — but ins... hological tool: it is the system of signs through which social experience is encoded and transmitted, through which thought is organised and represented to others an
educational research during the 1970s and 1980s, which she regarded as artificially decontextualised, id... dualist, and blind to the social relations within which all learning takes place. To generate an alternat... going life of a tailor's workshop. This research, which she later set against a parallel study of how Ame... cery rounds, led to the theoretical framework for which she is best known — situated learning. Lave's int
ect of the first order, and their collaboration — which lasted more than four decades — was among the mos... omenon she termed "viscosity" (//viscosité//), in which the child oscillates unstably between more and le... dolescence, 1955, published in English 1958), for which Inhelder is listed as first author, was the product of a decade of experimental work in which she designed and administered the crucial tasks —
enger specified the three constituent features by which a group becomes a community of practice: mutual e... ty:** learning as belonging, as configurations in which mutual engagement constitutes competence.
**4. I... y:** learning as becoming, as the trajectories by which we shape who we are and who we are becoming.
===... "the process of giving form to our experiences"), which together shape both what we do and how we make me
heories of Apple, Bernstein, Bowles, and Gintis — which Giroux regards as fatalistic and disempowering — ... edagogy as //praxis// — a dialectical movement in which theory informs practice and practice informs theo... tising, television, and public discourse — all of which transmit dominant ideologies and shape subjectivi... order pedagogy// — a liminal pedagogical space in which both students and teachers recognise their own po
the polemical essay //Against the Sophists//, in which he distinguished his approach from those of rival... graphical defence //Antidosis// (354–353 BCE), in which he articulated his educational philosophy most fu... ly both our own households and the commonwealth — which should be the objects of our toil, of our study, ... later formulations of deliberative democracy, in which the quality of public reasoning is directly conne
eceive, making education the primary mechanism by which human nature is shaped and social arrangements pe... d. His Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1693), which distilled his educational practice from years of ... h, Latin-heavy curriculum of the grammar schools, which he regarded as pedagogically ineffective and mora... (1689) provided the theoretical framework within which Locke's educational ideas acquired their widest p
n is the dialectic — the structured logic through which contradiction drives the evolution of thought, na... is that is more adequate than either predecessor, which in turn becomes a new thesis and restarts the mov... sly the pursuit of truth and the activity through which truth is made. Hegel therefore opposed any educat... Mind) — the self-knowing, self-realising whole of which all reality is a manifestation. Hegel held that "
to the world as the Dewey Laboratory School — in which he tested his educational ideas with children age... d four to fourteen. His decade in Chicago, during which he also encountered Jane Addams and Hull House an... f associated living**, a quality of experience in which individuals share interests freely, communicate a... ocracy in this richer sense: it is the process by which each new generation is inducted into the habits o
a position he held for thirty-five years, during which he carried out official visits to schools across ... ent (1868) and his reports as a school inspector, which offer a detailed and often acerbic account of Vic... ction by means of getting to know, on all matters which most concern us, the best which has been thought and said in the world." This definition — articulated m
of thirty-eight to write the Essays — the work in which his educational philosophy is most fully elaborat... del of humanistic education dominant in his time, which he condemned in Chapter I.25 under the heading "O... live. This model of critical, reflexive reading — which Montaigne describes in terms that anticipate cont... ure to the diversity of human customs and places, which Montaigne recommends from early childhood as an i
