al framework for understanding distance education systems."
==== The Systems Approach to Distance Education ====
Moore's systems thinking was evident from his earliest account of DE ... & Kearsley, 1996), he developed this into a full systems model, arguing that a DE system is composed of al
first book, Artificial Intelligence and Tutoring Systems (1987). That early interest in how machines might... — he extended the framework into social learning systems, landscapes of practice, and a value-creation mod... nities to the learning capability of whole social systems, Wenger (2010) specified four capabilities throug... , E. (1987). Artificial intelligence and tutoring systems: Computational and cognitive approaches to the co
NAEP trends across U.S. states as accountability systems were introduced, he and Margaret Raymond (2005) f... ve effects on achievement, particularly where the systems "incorporated consequences for schools and person... ion in much of the world. Most national education systems and the United Nations' Sustainable Development G... utcomes, one should focus on outcomes." Education systems should measure and be evaluated on learning, not
at education was the antidote to the dehumanising systems of power that had devastated their community. Mal... language — was a direct challenge to educational systems that privilege written and spoken language as the... e inoculation against the return of authoritarian systems that silenced individual judgment and subordinate
Royal Commissions of Enquiry to study educational systems on the European continent, particularly in France... tudies of French, Prussian, and Swiss educational systems, convinced him that England's failure to develop ... ng figure in the comparative study of educational systems and as one of the first educational thinkers to a
es, and donor conditionality, infecting education systems in ways that are difficult to resist and that pro... idence that different choices are possible — that systems can improve through investment in teacher quality... audit-and-compliance model dominant in anglophone systems, where teachers are subject to frequent external
andates, performance standards, or accountability systems imposed from above. He observed that decades of s... ntinuous improvement that external accountability systems cannot produce. Elmore described the process as d... re of the school and district, the organisational systems and structures through which decisions are made a
iversity of California, San Diego, and a Ph.D. in Systems Engineering from Oakland University. See more at ... contributed to research in areas such as complex systems and information fusion.
**Side note:** [[https:/
in society. She emphasizes the need to challenge systems of oppression rooted in white supremacist, capita... rebelliousness and resistance against oppressive systems. She sheds light on the complexities of Black wom
founder and chairman of Experience-Based Learning Systems (EBLS), an organization he established in 1980 to... ng with his founding of Experience Based Learning Systems (EBLS) in 1980 to advance research and practice o
back to *The Great School Wars* — and that urban systems with low scores require full-service community sc... small classes, and democratically governed public systems rather than privatized marketplaces.
* Ravitch
nd became a permanent fixture of public education systems worldwide.
===== Key Contributions =====
==== T... ergarten is a regular feature of public schooling systems around the world.
==== Play: Outdoor Learning,
ided reading programmes, and intelligent tutoring systems that seek to provide individualised instructional... ally structured practices, narratives, and symbol systems of a community. Learning, on this account, is not
ee interconnected imperatives. First, educational systems must embrace diversity — of learning styles, inte... st-and-punish accountability regimes in education systems around the world. His daughter Kate Robinson's co
al world; psychological tools (language, counting systems, maps, notation, mnemonic devices, works of art) ... nding for the development of intelligent tutoring systems and adaptive learning technologies that attempt t
