ich focus on demonstrating ability and validating competence, and learning (or mastery) goals, which aim at de... setbacks, and ultimately achieve higher levels of competence. Her work underscored the importance of fostering
learning: humans are social beings; knowledge is competence in valued enterprises; knowing is active engageme... igurations in which mutual engagement constitutes competence.
**4. Identity:** learning as becoming, as the t
it with seriousness, fairness, and growing civic competence. The model anticipated later developments in demo... ve all instil in students the belief in their own competence and capacity. His model of the teacher as leader-
its margins rather than its centre. Over time, as competence grows and relationships deepen, participation bec... lect the social and material character of genuine competence but actively misrepresents it. This critique has
possible at the frontier of the learner's current competence — and its withdrawal as competence develops is as important as its provision. Bruner himself had championed V
assisted performance until it becomes independent competence. This idea has been foundational for theories of ... with the support being progressively withdrawn as competence grows until the learner can perform independently
