====== Raj Chetty (1979-)======

===== Biography =====

Raj Chetty was born in New Delhi, India, and moved to the United States at the age of nine, eventually settling in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. His trajectory through American higher education was remarkable for its speed and distinction: he completed his undergraduate degree at Harvard in three years, followed by a PhD in economics at the same institution in another three, and was appointed to an assistant professorship at Berkeley before moving to Harvard, where he was awarded tenure at the age of twenty-eight — one of the youngest tenured professors in the university's history. He subsequently held a faculty position at Stanford before returning to Harvard as the William A. Ackman Professor of Public Economics, where he directs Opportunity Insights, a research group dedicated to using large administrative data sets to study economic mobility and the barriers to it. Chetty received a MacArthur Fellowship in 2012 and the John Bates Clark Medal in 2013, awarded annually to the American economist under forty judged to have made the most significant contribution to the field. His work is distinguished by its combination of methodological rigour — exploiting natural experiments and administrative data at a scale previously unavailable to economists — and its sustained attention to the questions of inequality, opportunity, and intergenerational mobility that bear most directly on education policy. He has become one of the most widely cited economists of his generation, and his research findings have influenced policy debates in the United States and internationally.

===== Key Contributions =====

==== Teacher Value-Added and Long-Run Student Outcomes ====

One of Chetty's most influential studies, conducted with John Friedman and Jonah Rockoff, used administrative data from 2.5 million New York City students to estimate the long-run effects of teacher quality on student outcomes measured well beyond standardised test scores. Their findings demonstrated that high value-added teachers — those who consistently produce larger-than-expected test score gains — generate measurable improvements in their students' adult earnings, college attendance rates, and rates of teenage parenthood, even when the test score gains themselves fade over time. The study attracted immediate controversy, particularly over its implications for teacher evaluation and dismissal policies, but its methodological contribution was substantial: it established that administrative data linked across educational and fiscal records could be used to detect causal effects of educational inputs on long-run economic outcomes, opening a new line of research that had been precluded by the absence of such data. The finding that a single high-quality teacher could meaningfully alter a student's lifetime earnings trajectory gave empirical force to longstanding intuitions about the importance of teacher quality and provided new ammunition for debates about how teachers should be evaluated, compensated, and developed.

==== The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility ====

Working with Nathaniel Hendren and others, Chetty mapped the geography of economic opportunity across the United States using tax records linked across generations. Their Equality of Opportunity Project identified enormous variation in intergenerational mobility rates across commuting zones — areas comparable in size to metropolitan regions — and documented five characteristics associated with high-mobility areas: lower levels of residential segregation, lower levels of income inequality, higher quality primary schools, greater social capital, and greater family stability. This research reframed debates about educational opportunity by demonstrating that the quality of the school alone was insufficient to determine children's economic prospects; the broader neighbourhood environment, including residential patterns, the density of civic organisations, and the structure of local labour markets, mattered as much or more. The finding that geography is destiny — that a child's ZIP code is among the strongest predictors of her economic future — has been widely cited in arguments for place-based educational investment and the reform of housing policy as an educational intervention.

==== Moving to Opportunity and Neighbourhood Effects ====

Chetty and his colleagues exploited the Moving to Opportunity experiment — a randomised controlled trial conducted in the 1990s in which low-income families in high-poverty neighbourhoods were offered housing vouchers to move to lower-poverty areas — to generate causal estimates of neighbourhood effects on long-run outcomes. The original evaluation of the experiment found little effect on economic outcomes for adults who moved, but Chetty's reanalysis, using administrative tax data and extending the follow-up period, found that children who moved before age thirteen to lower-poverty neighbourhoods earned substantially more as adults, were more likely to attend college, and were less likely to become single parents. Children who moved after age thirteen showed smaller effects, suggesting that neighbourhood effects operate through the conditions of childhood rather than through immediate adult labour market access. This finding reinforced the importance of early childhood environments for lifetime economic prospects and provided strong causal evidence for the argument that residential integration is an educational policy, not merely a housing policy.

==== Mobility Report Cards and Higher Education ====

Chetty and colleagues produced Mobility Report Cards for every college and university in the United States, measuring each institution's access rate (the fraction of students from the bottom income quintile who attend) and its success rate in moving those students into the top income quintile of earners. The resulting data revealed that many elite universities have very low access rates — that they enroll more students from the top one percent of the income distribution than from the bottom sixty percent combined — and that access rates vary enormously across institutions of similar academic quality. These findings challenged the narrative that selective higher education serves as an engine of social mobility, demonstrating instead that selective institutions tend to reproduce privilege, while less selective but high-quality regional universities often generate greater upward mobility by virtue of their more economically diverse student bodies. The Mobility Report Cards transformed the debate about higher education equity by providing comparable, publicly accessible data that allowed institutions, policymakers, and students to assess universities not only on conventional measures of prestige but on their contribution to economic opportunity.

==== Race and Intergenerational Mobility ====

In collaboration with Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie Jones, and Sonya Porter, Chetty studied intergenerational income mobility separately by race and gender using nearly the entire United States population. Their findings revealed that Black Americans face dramatically lower intergenerational mobility than white Americans at every level of parental income — that even Black children raised in high-income households have significantly lower incomes as adults than their white peers with similar family backgrounds. A striking further finding was that the Black-white gap in adult earnings was driven almost entirely by the gap among men: Black men earn substantially less than white men with comparable family backgrounds, while the gap among women is small and largely disappears when neighbourhood and educational opportunity are controlled. This result pointed toward labour market discrimination and environmental factors specific to Black men — rather than family structure or academic preparation alone — as the primary drivers of racial income gaps, with significant implications for the design of interventions aimed at closing those gaps.

===== Works =====

  * "How Does Your Kindergarten Classroom Affect Your Earnings? Evidence from Project STAR" (2011, //Quarterly Journal of Economics//, with John Friedman and Jonah Rockoff)
  * "The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood" (2014, //American Economic Review//, with John Friedman and Jonah Rockoff)
  * "Where Is the Land of Opportunity? The Geography of Intergenerational Mobility in the United States" (2014, //Quarterly Journal of Economics//, with Nathaniel Hendren, Patrick Kline, and Emmanuel Saez)
  * "The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighbourhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment" (2016, //American Economic Review//, with Nathaniel Hendren and Lawrence Katz)
  * "Mobility Report Cards: The Role of Colleges in Intergenerational Mobility" (2017, NBER Working Paper, with John Friedman, Emmanuel Saez, Nicholas Turner, and Danny Yagan)
  * "Race and Economic Opportunity in the United States: An Intergenerational Perspective" (2020, //Quarterly Journal of Economics//, with Nathaniel Hendren, Maggie Jones, and Sonya Porter)