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 ===== Carol Dweck =====
+===== Biography =====
+Carol Dweck is a renowned educational psychologist whose work has significantly advanced understanding of motivation, intelligence, and personality. She pursued her undergraduate degree in psychology at Barnard College and earned her graduate studies at Yale University, where she developed her foundational research in cognitive psychology and learning theory. Mentored by notable scholars such as Dr. Allan Wagner and Dr. Robert Rescorla, she deepened her expertise in cognitive and animal learning, which laid the groundwork for her later work.
+Throughout her career, Dweck has combined insights from various branches of psychology, including developmental, social, and clinical psychology, to explore how individuals cope with failure and develop their self-concept. Her early research focused on learned helplessness and achievement goal theory, examining how attribution and beliefs about ability influence motivation and response to challenges. Her groundbreaking concept of implicit theories of intelligence, particularly the distinction between fixed and growth mindsets, has transformed educational practices and research.
+Dweck’s work extends beyond childhood and adolescence, applying her theories to college students and adults, emphasizing the importance of mindset in lifelong learning and resilience. She has held faculty positions at prestigious institutions such as Yale, Harvard, Columbia, and currently Stanford University. Her research continues to inspire educators, policymakers, and psychologists worldwide, shaping strategies to improve motivation, reduce achievement gaps, and foster a growth-oriented learning environment.
+Throughout her illustrious career, Carol Dweck has received numerous awards for her scientific contributions and remains dedicated to expanding her influential theories. Her ongoing work aims to deepen our understanding of how beliefs about ourselves shape our potential and how fostering a growth mindset can lead to greater success and well-being for all learners.
+===== Key Contributions =====
+==== Learned Helplessness and Mastery-Orientation ====
+Carol Dweck expanded the understanding of how children respond to failure and challenges. Her research showed that children exhibiting learned helplessness tend to attribute failure to fixed, uncontrollable factors such as a lack of ability. This mindset leads them to avoid difficult tasks, give up more easily, and believe that their efforts cannot change their performance. As a result, these children are more susceptible to experiencing diminished motivation and persistence over time.
+In contrast, Dweck’s work on mastery orientation revealed that children with this outlook interpret failure as an opportunity to learn and improve. They believe that effort and strategic approaches can enhance their abilities, which encourages them to persist despite setbacks. Mastery-oriented children are more likely to maintain effort, expect future success, and view challenges as valuable for growth. Her research highlighted the motivational processes that support resilience and adaptation, stressing the importance of cultivating a growth mindset to foster persistence, motivation, and healthy responses to failure.
+==== Achievement Goal Theories ====
+Carol Dweck expanded the understanding of how different types of goals influence motivation, effort, and performance. Her work distinguished between performance goals, which focus on demonstrating ability and validating competence, and learning (or mastery) goals, which aim at developing new skills and increasing understanding. Dweck’s research demonstrated that individuals pursuing performance goals are more vulnerable to feelings of helplessness and may respond to failure with decreased motivation, especially when they encounter difficulties. Conversely, those with learning goals tend to adopt mastery-oriented responses, perceiving challenges as opportunities for growth rather than threats to their self-worth.
+Dweck further refined achievement goal theory by examining how these goal orientations interact with motivation over time. She showed that students who set learning goals are more likely to develop resilience, persist in the face of setbacks, and ultimately achieve higher levels of competence. Her work underscored the importance of fostering a mastery or growth mindset to promote adaptive motivation and sustained effort, contrasting it with the potentially maladaptive effects of solely performance-oriented goals. Overall, her contributions provided a nuanced framework for understanding how goal setting influences achievement behavior and psychological resilience.
+==== Implicit Theories of Intelligence ====
+Carol Dweck developed the concept of academic mindsets, which describes how individuals perceive their own and others' intelligence. She identified two primary beliefs: the fixed mindset (entity theory), where individuals view intelligence as a static attribute that cannot be changed, and the growth mindset (incremental theory), where individuals believe that intelligence can be developed through effort and perseverance. Dweck’s research demonstrated that these underlying belief systems influence motivation, learning strategies, response to failure, and resilience. People with a fixed mindset tend to avoid challenges and attribute failures to innate lack of ability, which hampers growth, while those with a growth mindset embrace challenges, see effort as a path to improvement, and are more likely to persist.
+Dweck further emphasized that these implicit theories are often subconscious and can significantly shape a person’s meaning system—how they interpret success, failure, effort, and ability. Her work highlighted the importance of fostering a growth mindset to enhance motivation and achievement, especially in educational settings. By changing beliefs about intelligence, educators and individuals can promote adaptive responses to difficulties, improve perseverance, and encourage a lifelong attitude of learning and development.
+===== Carol's Notable Works =====
+  * Dweck, C. S., & Reppucci, N. D. (1973). Learned helplessness and reinforcement responsibility in children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25(1), 109–116. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034248
+  * Dweck, C. S., & Elliott, E. S. (1983). Achievement motivation. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed.), Socialization, personality, and social development (pp. 643–691). Wiley.
+  * Dweck, C. S., & Sorich, L. A. (1999). Mastery-oriented thinking. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Coping the psychology of what works (pp. 232–251). Oxford University Press.
+  * Dweck, C. S. (2012). Mindsets and human nature: Promoting change in the Middle East, the schoolyard, the racial divide, and willpower. American Psychologist, 67(8), 614–622. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029783
+  * Dweck, C. S. (2017). The journey to children’s mindsets—And beyond. Child Development Perspectives, 11(2), 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12225
+  * Dweck, C. S. (2017). From needs to goals and representation: Foundations for a unified theory of motivation, personality, and development. Psychological Review, 124(6), 689–719. https://doi.org/10.1037/rev0000082
+  * Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481–496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166